Kidney failure is a serious condition that can have a significant impact on the quality of life of those affected. It is important to be aware of the potential causes of kidney failure, so that steps can be taken to reduce the risk of it developing. In this blog post, we will discuss the 10 most common causes of kidney failure. We will provide a brief overview of each cause, as well as advice on how to reduce the risk of kidney failure. Hopefully, this post will help you gain a better understanding of the causes of kidney failure and how you can protect your kidneys.

1) What is kidney failure?

The kidneys play a vital role in filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, as well as maintaining a healthy balance of electrolytes in the body. When the kidneys fail, waste and fluid build up in the body, leading to a variety of symptoms and complications.

Acute kidney failure occurs suddenly and is usually caused by a sudden loss of blood flow to the kidneys, kidney damage, or a blockage in the urinary tract. Chronic kidney failure, on the other hand, develops over time and is often the result of long-term conditions such as high blood pressure, diabetes, or kidney diseases.

Symptoms of kidney failure can vary, but common signs include decreased urine output, swelling in the legs and ankles, fatigue, nausea, and difficulty concentrating. If left untreated, kidney failure can lead to serious complications, including cardiovascular disease, anemia, and fluid buildup in the lungs.

In the next sections of this blog post, we will explore the top 10 causes of kidney failure in more detail, including chronic high blood pressure, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, urinary tract obstruction, kidney stones, medications and toxins, infections, and lupus and other autoimmune diseases.

2) Chronic high blood pressure

Chronic high blood pressure, also known as hypertension, is one of the leading causes of kidney failure. When the blood pressure remains consistently high over time, it puts a strain on the blood vessels in the kidneys, causing damage and reducing their ability to function properly.

High blood pressure damages the small blood vessels and filters in the kidneys, leading to a condition known as hypertensive nephropathy.Additionally, hypertension can cause the walls of the arteries to become thickened and narrowed, further reducing blood flow to the kidneys.

Managing high blood pressure is crucial in preventing kidney failure. Lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a healthy diet low in salt and saturated fats, regular exercise, weight loss, and limiting alcohol consumption, can help control blood pressure.

Regular check-ups with a healthcare professional are essential for monitoring blood pressure levels and making necessary adjustments to treatment plans. Controlling high blood pressure not only reduces the risk of kidney failure but also decreases the risk of other complications, such as heart disease and stroke.

By taking proactive steps to manage high blood pressure, individuals can greatly reduce their risk of developing kidney failure and maintain their overall health and well-being.

3) Diabetes

High levels of blood sugar in the body can damage the blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to nephropathy or kidney disease. The longer a person has diabetes, the greater the likelihood of developing kidney damage. 

The kidneys have small blood vessels that filter waste products from the body. Diabetes can cause these blood vessels to thicken and narrow, preventing proper filtration of waste. This, in turn, leads to a buildup of toxins in the body that can cause permanent kidney damage over time.

To prevent diabetes-related kidney failure, it is important for individuals with diabetes to closely monitor and manage their blood sugar levels. Lifestyle changes, such as a healthy diet, regular exercise, and not smoking, can also help prevent the progression of kidney disease.

If you have diabetes and are concerned about your kidney health, talk to your healthcare provider about regular kidney function testing. Catching kidney disease early can help slow or stop its progression and prevent kidney failure.

4) Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is a condition that involves inflammation in the small blood vessels of the kidneys called glomeruli. This inflammation can damage the glomeruli, leading to impaired kidney function and eventually kidney failure. 

The causes of glomerulonephritis vary, but the most common are infections such as strep throat, and autoimmune diseases such as lupus and vasculitis. In some cases, it may be a result of exposure to certain medications or toxins. 

Symptoms of glomerulonephritis can include swelling in the legs, feet, or ankles, foamy or bubbly urine, high blood pressure, and reduced urine output. Treatment may involve medications to control blood pressure and inflammation, as well as changes in diet and lifestyle. 

If left untreated, glomerulonephritis can progress to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), where the kidneys can no longer function properly. Early detection and treatment are important in preventing this progression and preserving kidney function. It is essential to consult a healthcare professional if experiencing any symptoms or have any risk factors for glomerulonephritis.

5) Polycystic kidney disease

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder that causes the growth of cysts in the kidneys. These cysts are filled with fluid and can gradually replace healthy kidney tissue, leading to kidney failure over time. It is estimated that PKD affects approximately 600,000 people in the United States alone.

PKD is an inherited condition, meaning it is passed down from one generation to another. In most cases, PKD is caused by a mutation in either the PKD1 or PKD2 gene. These genes are responsible for producing proteins that help regulate the growth and development of kidney cells.

The symptoms of PKD may not become apparent until later in life. Common symptoms include pain in the back or sides, blood in the urine, frequent urination, and high blood pressure. As the cysts grow larger, they can put pressure on surrounding organs, leading to additional complications.

Unfortunately, there is currently no cure for PKD.Medications may be prescribed to control blood pressure and prevent further kidney damage.

If you have a family history of PKD or are experiencing any symptoms associated with the condition, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional. Early diagnosis and intervention can help delay the onset of kidney failure and improve overall quality of life.

6) Urinary tract obstruction

Urinary tract obstruction is one of the leading causes of kidney failure. When there is a blockage or narrowing of the urinary tract, urine is unable to flow freely, leading to a buildup of pressure in the kidneys. This increased pressure can cause damage to the delicate tissues and structures of the kidneys, eventually resulting in kidney failure.

There are several factors that can contribute to urinary tract obstruction. One common cause is kidney stones, which are small, hard mineral and salt deposits that form in the kidneys. When these stones become lodged in the urinary tract, they can obstruct the flow of urine.

Another cause of urinary tract obstruction is an enlarged prostate in men. As the prostate gland grows in size, it can put pressure on the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body, leading to a blockage.

Urinary tract infections can also contribute to obstruction. When bacteria enter the urinary tract, they can cause inflammation and swelling, which can narrow or block the urinary passages.

In some cases, birth defects or structural abnormalities in the urinary tract can also lead to obstruction. These abnormalities may include narrow ureters, urethral strictures, or abnormal connections between the urinary tract and other organs.

It is important to treat urinary tract obstruction promptly to prevent further damage to the kidneys. Treatment options may include medication to dissolve kidney stones, surgical intervention to remove blockages or correct structural abnormalities, or the use of a urinary catheter to temporarily relieve the obstruction.

By understanding the common causes of urinary tract obstruction and seeking early treatment, individuals can reduce their risk of kidney failure and maintain optimal kidney health.

7) Kidney stones

Kidney stones are a common cause of kidney failure and affect around 1 in 10 people at some point in their lives. These hard, pebble-like deposits form when there is too much calcium, oxalate, or uric acid in the urine, and they can cause severe pain and discomfort as they move through the urinary tract.

If a stone gets stuck in the ureter, the tube that connects the kidney to the bladder, it can block the flow of urine and cause damage to the kidney. This can lead to infections, inflammation, and eventually kidney failure if left untreated.

Risk factors for kidney stones include a family history of the condition, dehydration, obesity, and a diet high in salt, protein, or sugar. Treatment options vary depending on the size and location of the stone, but may include medications to help break up the stone, shock wave therapy, or surgery.

Prevention is key when it comes to kidney stones, and maintaining a healthy diet and drinking plenty of water can help reduce the risk of developing them. In some cases, medications may also be prescribed to prevent the formation of stones.

8) Medications and toxins

One of the leading causes of kidney failure is the use of certain medications and exposure to toxins. There are numerous drugs and substances that can have a detrimental effect on the kidneys, either directly or indirectly.

Certain over-the-counter pain medications, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), have been associated with kidney damage. Prolonged and excessive use of these drugs can lead to a condition known as analgesic nephropathy, which can eventually progress to kidney failure.

Another common cause of kidney failure related to medications is the use of certain antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents. Some antibiotics, like aminoglycosides and certain cephalosporins, can cause kidney damage if used in high doses or for prolonged periods. Chemotherapeutic agents, particularly those used to treat cancer, can also be toxic to the kidneys and cause kidney failure.

Toxins found in certain chemicals, such as heavy metals and solvents, can also lead to kidney failure. For example, exposure to lead, mercury, and cadmium can all result in kidney damage. Additionally, prolonged exposure to certain solvents used in industries like painting, printing, and manufacturing can lead to kidney failure over time.

It is important to always follow the recommended dosage and duration of use for medications and to avoid exposure to toxic substances as much as possible. If you have any concerns about the medications you are taking or potential exposure to toxins, it is essential to discuss this with your healthcare provider.

9) Infections

Infections can be a significant cause of kidney failure. Bacterial, viral, or fungal infections can lead to serious complications if not properly treated. The most common infection that affects the kidneys is urinary tract infection (UTI). When left untreated, UTIs can progress and reach the kidneys, leading to a condition called pyelonephritis. This infection can cause inflammation and damage to the kidney tissue, eventually leading to kidney failure.

Other infections that can cause kidney failure include kidney abscesses and septicemia. A kidney abscess is a pocket of pus that forms in the kidney due to a bacterial infection. This abscess can interfere with the kidney's function and result in kidney failure. 

Septicemia, also known as blood poisoning, occurs when a severe infection spreads throughout the bloodstream. If the infection reaches the kidneys, it can cause damage and ultimately lead to kidney failure.

In some cases, viral infections like hepatitis B and hepatitis C can also affect the kidneys. These infections can cause inflammation and damage to the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste products from the blood effectively. Additionally, HIV, a viral infection that weakens the immune system, can also increase the risk of kidney failure.

It is essential to treat infections promptly and effectively to prevent complications such as kidney failure. Practicing good hygiene, maintaining a strong immune system, and seeking medical attention at the first signs of infection are crucial steps in preventing kidney damage and preserving overall kidney health.

10) Lupus and other autoimmune diseases

Lupus and other autoimmune diseases can significantly contribute to the development of kidney failure. Autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own tissues and organs, including the kidneys.

In the case of lupus, a chronic autoimmune disease, the immune system produces antibodies that target various organs, including the kidneys. This can lead to inflammation and damage in the kidneys, eventually leading to kidney failure if left untreated. Lupus nephritis, a specific form of kidney inflammation caused by lupus, affects approximately 40-60% of people with lupus and is a leading cause of kidney failure.

Other autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis, can also contribute to kidney failure. These conditions can cause inflammation in the blood vessels that supply the kidneys, leading to reduced blood flow and damage to the kidney tissues over time.

Managing and treating autoimmune diseases is crucial in preventing kidney failure. Medications such as immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, and biologics are commonly used to control inflammation and reduce the risk of kidney damage. Regular monitoring of kidney function and working closely with healthcare professionals are essential for individuals with autoimmune diseases to detect any signs of kidney problems early on.